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Radiology plays a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions of the genitourinary system.

General diagnostic or "plain films" are often obtained when a patient presents with flank pain and suspected kidney stones. If a stone is not seen, the patient may receive a CT scan to look for a subtle stone or evidence of obstruction of the urinary collecting system (renal pelvis, ureter or bladder).

CT scans are also frequently used in the diagnosis and staging of various cancers of the genitourinary system.

Imaging characterization of adrenal lesions is often done by CT scans or MRI scans.

Ultrasound, CT scans and fluoroscopy are often used to assist the interventional radiologist at placing drains into obstructed kidneys (nephrostomy tubes) or to help place small needles that obtain tissue samples for further analysis (biopsies).

Hysterosalpinography is used in the evaluation of heavy menstrual bleeding and infertility.